Sustainable CO<sub>2</sub>-basd acidizing: A comprehensive review of chemical additives for enhanced carbonate reservoir stimulation

CO₂-based acidizing provides a corrosion-resistant alternative to potent mineral acids in carbonate reservoirs by producing carbonic acid in situ. This method synchronizes stimulation procedures with carbon-management objectives while minimizing the necessity for comprehensive corrosion-inhibitor systems. This review assesses six categories of chemical additives—amines, inorganic salts, inorganic bases, metal-oxide nanoparticles, biological macromolecules, and natural biopolymers—emphasizing their effects on CO₂ absorption, pH buffering, and wormhole morphology at reservoir-relevant temperatures and salinities. Experimental findings indicate that specific formulations can achieve CO₂ absorption levels reaching 2612 mg/L while maintaining pH levels between 4.5 and 5.2. Furthermore, computed CT imaging confirmed consistent wormhole development, indicating effective acid transfer and diminished corrosion risk. According to the reviewed literature, natural biopolymers and biological macromolecules provide the most advantageous equilibrium of reactivity and environmental compatibility; however, the heterogeneity of experimental data, diversity of reservoirs, and scalability are significant considerations. This review methodologically synthesizes peer-reviewed research and field reports published till October 2025, emphasizing mechanistic insights and identifying shortcomings in converting laboratory performance to field application. The proposed approach connects additive selection to carbonate reactivity, transport mechanisms, and operational limitations, thus informing the development of multifunctional fluids for sustainable stimulation and carbon-conscious reservoir management.