4-octyl itaconate inhibits cytokine-mediated inflammation via alkylation of TYK2 and JAK1

Itaconate is a Krebs cycle-derived metabolite whose production is catalyzed by immune response gene 1 (IRG1). As an anti-inflammatory metabolite, itaconate primarily exerts its effects through alkylation of target proteins. Previous studies have identified the JAK-STAT pathway as a key therapeutic target in sepsis. Interestingly, we report that itaconate, a metabolite significantly upregulated during metabolic reprogramming, suppresses type I interferon (IFN-I) signaling. Exogenous supplementation with the itaconate derivative 4-octyl itaconate (4OI) inhibits the JAK-STAT pathway. Mechanistically, 4OI inhibits the binding of tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2) to IFNAR1 and JAK1 to IFNAR2 by alkylating cysteine 192 in TYK2 and cysteine 189 in JAK1. Our research has identified the crucial role of itaconate produced by the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle in restricting JAK-STAT signal transduction, thereby linking metabolism and innate immunity, and provides a theoretical basis for the therapeutic application of 4OI in sepsis.