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The genus Termitomyces is economically and ecologically important. It is naturally cultivated by termites in the family Termitidae , subfamily Macrotermitinae and is widely distributed in Africa and Asia. However, there is a limited understanding of Termitomyces species owing to insufficient morphological descriptions and a lack of DNA sequence data. Moreover, the misuse of Termitomyces names has contributed to confusion regarding the taxonomy of the Termitomyces species. In this study, taxonomic and phylogenetic analyses were conducted on a total of 147 samples of Termitomyces . Specifically, 95 fresh collections were obtained from China and Thailand. Additionally, 52 dried specimens were sourced from the herbarium, representing a wide geographical range including Benin, Burundi, Cameroon, China, Congo, Gabon, India, Ivory Coast, Mali, Rwanda, Senegal, and Sri Lanka. A multi-locus phylogenetic analysis was performed using the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, mitochondrial rDNA small subunit (mrSSU), partial nuclear ribosomal large subunit (nrLSU), partial second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II ( rpb 2), translation elongation factor 1-α ( tef 1-α), and minichromosome maintenance complex component 7 ( mcm 7). A total of 461 sequences were used in the phylogenetic analysis, of which 363 were generated in this study. Three new section, T . sect. Termitomyces , T . sect. Bulborhizum , T . sect. Mammiforms , 11 species of Termitomyces are newly described, namely T. brunneocarpu s , T. longicystidiatus , T. longipes , T. microcarpoides , T. miniatoumbonatus , T. niveus , T. pseudobulborhizus , T. rubripes , T. stramineus , T. torosus and T. umbrosus , one new combination T. carnosus has been confirmed; with additional updating of 50 known species. All known Termitomyces species, their molecular phylogenies, descriptions, and illustrations are provided.