Surfactants-Assisted Bi ₂ O ₃ Synthesis-Based Ag/Bi ₂ O ₃ and Ag/Bi ₂ O ₃ /G Nanocomposites for High-Performance Negative Electrode Materials

The development of high-performance materials for supercapacitors with enhanced electrochemical properties is a pressing need for efficient storage and conversion of electrical energy. Herein, a dual-surfactant (PEG-400/P123) precipitation strategy is designed to tailor the morphology and crystallinity of Bi2O3 nanorods for Ag/Bi2O3/graphene nanocomposites as high-performance negative electrodes. The optimized Bi2O3 nanorods delivered the specific capacitance of 1301 Fg–1 at 1 Ag–1. Incorporating Ag nanosheets enhanced conductivity in binary composite and adding graphene augmented ion diffusion pathways and accessible redox sites in ternary composite with improved charge storage and durability. Ag/Bi2O3 and Ag/Bi2O3/G achieved 1658.6 Fg–1 and 2704.1 Fg–1 at 1 Ag–1, respectively, with 98.1% retention over 10,000 cycles. In a two-electrode device, the composite attains an energy density of 110.5 Wh kg–1 at a rate of 749.7 W kg–1. The strategic integration of Ag (charge transport) and graphene (structural/electrical percolation) synergistically overcame the intrinsic conductivity limits of Bi2O3. These findings highlight the exceptional potential of the Ag/Bi2O3/G ternary nanocomposite for high-performance energy storage applications, making it a promising candidate for future electrochemical devices.