The development of the primary care general practitioner cluster model: experiences from Hungary

Background In 2021, Hungary introduced general practitioner (GP) clusters to improve access to local healthcare and strengthen cooperation among primary care providers. However, there is limited evidence on how these clusters operate. Objective The aim of this research is to provide a comprehensive description of how GP practices and clusters function, and to describe variables associated with a GP's participation in a cluster. Methods We analysed national data on general practices and GP clusters in Hungary for the period 2021–2024. This data was obtained from the National Hospital Directorate and supplemented with information from publicly available sources. After harmonising and integrating the data, we used descriptive statistical methods to characterise the operation of practices and clusters. We also used multivariate regression models to examine factors associated with GPs' decisions to join a cluster. Results Between 2021 and 2024, the number of GP clusters increased from 365 to 422. Nearly half of all practices had joined by 2024. On average, clusters included seven practices, with one-third collaborating with dentists. Significant regional disparities were observed in cluster participation, while the adoption of digital health technologies and point-of-care tests remained limited. While GP clusters have expanded nationwide, participation appears higher in better-resourced districts. Conclusion As in many other developed countries, GP clusters have become increasingly widespread in Hungary. One-third of these clusters involve collaboration between GPs and dentists. While these clusters provide a variety of professional services, challenges persist due to vacant practices and regional disparities. To ensure sustainability, future efforts should strengthen digital health integration and promote the widespread adoption of innovative services provided by GP clusters.