Long-Term Sequelae of Retinopathy of Prematurity—A Scoping Review

Purpose: This study aimed to comprehensively map the structural impacts of ROP on all ocular structures, including and extending beyond the inner retina and the associated long-term sequelae that manifest into adulthood. Methods: This scoping review identified studies on animal oxygen-induced retinopathy and clinical retinopathy of prematurity using a multi-database search. Study selection and data extraction were performed independently by multiple reviewers using Covidence software. Results: ROP results in lasting ocular complications. Posterior segment findings include choroidal insufficiency, photoreceptor dysfunction, and retinal detachment. Anterior segment complications involve a higher incidence of angle-closure glaucoma, strabismus, and significant myopia. Conclusions: This scoping review was conducted and reported in accordance with the PRISMA-ScR guidelines, though it is limited by the exclusion of non-English studies. Lifelong ophthalmic monitoring is essential for ROP patients due to persistent anterior and posterior segment complications. This study also identifies key future research priorities, including elucidating mechanisms of foveal development and conducting longitudinal studies. Furthermore, as neonatal intensive care expands in low and middle-income regions, international collaboration is vital to guide screening and treatment and prevent a debilitating surge of ROP.