More alike than unlike? Comparing characteristics of violent and non-violent extremist offenders

This study examined the characteristics differentiating violent from non-violent extremist offenders, focusing on established risk factors. The sample comprised 163 male offenders convicted of terrorism-related offences or extremist-motivated crimes within His Majesty’s Prison Service in England and Wales. Participants were categorised as violent or non-violent based on their index offence, with risk factors coded from ERG22+ reports and related file information. Results indicate that violent extremist offenders were more likely to have histories of previous violence, interpersonal difficulties and pro-violent attitudes, whereas non-violent offenders exhibited a higher prevalence of major mental disorders. Analyses by ideological subtype revealed distinct patterns: violent Islamist offenders were more likely to endorse violent attitudes, while non-violent counterparts showed increased mental health vulnerabilities; among right-wing extremists, violent offenders displayed elevated antisocial behaviour and prior violence. These findings underscore the complex interplay of behavioural histories, attitudes and psychological factors influencing violent extremist behaviour. The study highlights the importance of targeted, nuanced risk assessments and contributes to the limited literature directly comparing violent and non-violent extremist offenders. Understanding these distinctions within the legal context, where preparatory actions can also constitute offences, has important implications for risk management and intervention strategies.