Digitalizing Urban Planning Governance: Empirical Evidence from Yerevan and a Multi-Layer Framework for Data-Driven City Management

The rapid digitalization of cities is reshaping urban planning practices; however, significant gaps persist between technological investments and institutional governance capacity, particularly in transition economies. This study investigates how digital tools can be systematically embedded within planning processes to improve decision-making quality, coordination, and administrative efficiency. Drawing on urban governance theory and an empirical implementation study conducted in Yerevan, Armenia (population 1.1 million) between 2019 and 2023, the paper develops and operationalizes a multi-layer governance framework that aligns digital instruments—including geospatial information systems, performance dashboards, and decision-support platforms—with strategic, tactical, and operational levels of city management. The framework is evaluated through institutional analysis of municipal policy documents, planning databases, and semi-structured interviews with planning officials. The results reveal substantial governance barriers, including data fragmentation, organizational silos, and limited digital capacity. Framework-based implementation produced measurable improvements: planning decision cycles shortened by 43%, GIS utilization increased from 18% to 68% of eligible projects, inter-agency data sharing rose sixfold, and annual cost savings of approximately $1.2 million were achieved through reduced duplication and faster approvals. By combining conceptual design with empirical validation, the study advances digital urban governance research and offers a transferable, evidence-based model for implementing resilient and efficient data-driven planning systems in resource-constrained contexts.