Structural determinants of effective academic–industry technology transfer in biomedical engineering

BackgroundWhile macro-level factors influencing collaboration are well-studied, the daily operational processes between academia and industry remain unclear, especially in biomedical engineering, where coordination is complex and critical. This study fills this gap by analyzing decision-making, governance, and coordination practices from both perspectives to improve technology transfer and innovation outcomes.MethodsThis study employed a mixed-methods approach, including a structured questionnaire distributed among academic and industrial stakeholders, complemented by detailed case studies illustrating practical examples of collaboration in biomedical technology transfer.ResultsFindings reveal both converging and diverging motivations: academia values access to new technologies and societal impact, while industry prioritizes rapid market implementation and competitiveness. Key barriers include time constraints, conflicting publication and confidentiality demands, and challenges in intellectual property negotiations. Support mechanisms such as long-term funding, administrative support, and hybrid work models facilitate collaboration. Case studies demonstrate that successful partnerships hinge on clear regulatory frameworks and mutual understanding of objectives.ConclusionsFuture university-industry partnerships should prioritize clear communication, joint IP frameworks, and inclusive governance from the start. Involving clinical practitioners and end-users early improves product relevance, while proactive regulatory planning, supported by institutional guidance, helps avoid delays and compliance issues.