eLife Assessment: Human CD1c-autoreactive T cells recognise Mycobacterium tuberculosis–infected antigen-presenting cells and display cytotoxic effector programmes

Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), remains the leading cause of death from infection globally, yet the contribution of non-classical T-cell pathways to human immunity remains poorly defined. CD1c-autoreactive T-cells, which recognise self-lipids presented by the antigen-presenting molecule CD1c, are frequent in human blood, but their role during infection is unclear. Here, we investigate how CD1c-expressing antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and Mtb infection shape CD1c-autoreactive T-cell responses using engineered human APC systems, complemented by single-cell transcriptomic profiling to define the ex vivo phenotypic landscape of these T-cells. CD1c is present within human TB granulomas, whereas Mtb down-modulates CD1c expression on infected APCs, consistent with an immune evasion strategy. CD1c-autoreactive T-cells respond more strongly to Mtb-infected CD1c+ APCs than to uninfected cells, exhibiting enhanced activation, cytotoxicity, and diverse cytokine secretion via CD1c-dependent recognition. Under in vitro conditions, these T-cells reduce relative Mtb burden in infected phagocytes. Single-cell RNA-sequencing reveals cytotoxic effector-memory programmes and expression of antimicrobial molecules, providing a mechanistic basis for these responses. Together, these findings define a human CD1c-restricted T-cell response to Mtb-infected APCs and identify autoreactive CD1c-restricted T-cells as a candidate cellular axis for lipid-directed immunity in TB.