Integrated Disease Management in Silkworm (Bombyx mori L.): A Comprehensive Review for Sustainable Sericulture

Aims: This review critically synthesizes current knowledge on the major diseases affecting the mulberry silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) and evaluates the paradigm shift towards Integrated Disease Management (IDM). It aims to provide a comprehensive framework for enhancing silkworm health and ensuring sustainable cocoon production by integrating disease control with broader agronomic practices. Study Design: A comprehensive and critical literature review. Methodology: This study synthesizes peer-reviewed literature on silkworm pathology, transmission dynamics, economic impacts and management strategies. The literature search was conducted across major scientific databases, focusing on recent advancements. It evaluates traditional preventive, chemical and microbial methods alongside emerging innovations such as probiotics, host-plant resistance, RNA interference (RNAi) and artificial intelligence (AI). The review also integrates findings related to mulberry nutrition and weed management to contextualize disease susceptibility within the broader agroecosystem. Results: The review confirms that infectious diseases cause substantial crop losses, ranging from 15% to over 50%, severely impacting cocoon yield and quality. It provides a detailed classification and symptomatology of viral, bacterial, fungal and protozoan diseases. The analysis identifies IDM-which combines stringent hygiene, environmental regulation, the use of probiotics and the development of disease-resistant silkworm strains-as the most effective and sustainable strategy. Furthermore, agronomic stressors, such as poor mulberry leaf nutrition and intense weed competition, exacerbate silkworm susceptibility to pathogens. Emerging technologies like molecular diagnostics and AI-driven monitoring show significant potential for early detection and proactive management. Conclusion: Adopting a holistic IDM framework is imperative for the long-term viability of the sericulture industry. This approach must extend beyond direct pathogen control to include optimized mulberry nutrition and integrated weed management, thereby reducing host stress and enhancing innate immunity. The integration of advanced biotechnologies and climate-resilient practices will be crucial for safeguarding silkworm health, ensuring sustainable cocoon production and mitigating the adverse effects of pathogen evolution and climate change.