The development of geographical thought in German school during the time of Alexander von Humboldt and Karl Ritter

During the 19th century، the German school played a major role in the development of the science of geography، especially during the time of both scientists Humboldt and Karl Ritter، who are considered the most important founders of modern geography. Perhaps one of the most important things done by both Humboldt and Ritter was the development of the ideas and concepts of geographical theory that spread in the late eighteenth century and changed the facts and scientific methods of geography. He was more interested in the natural aspects، especially geology، ups and downs، and plants، and the great scientist Carl Ritter was interested in human geography، and at the same time these two scientists were interested in field research that changed geography from description to field field that had a prominent place in the science of geography. The importance of the research is that we get to know the beginnings of modern geography and the scientists who covered geography and made this science independent، and the goal of the research is to describe and show the science of geography before and during the time of these two scientists and to show the great changes that these scientists have brought to the idea of geography and the science of geography، and in order to achieve the goals of this research، the historical and descriptive methods used have been used. As a result, these two scientists changed geography from description to analysis and use of data and statistics.