<i>Magnolia officinalis</i>: botanical characteristics, pharmacological properties and current evidence from preclinical studies<b><i></i></b>

Magnolia officinalis, commonly known as "Houpo" in traditional Chinese medicine, has a documented history of use spanning over 2,500 years. It remains a widely traded botanical product in both Chinese and Japanese herbal pharmacopeias, where its bark has been traditionally employed in the management of various conditions, including anxiety, depression, gastrointestinal and respiratory disorders, stroke, and musculoskeletal pain. However, while its historical relevance in traditional medicine is well-established, the scientific basis for many of its purported benefits remains incompletely validated. This review critically examines the current scientific literature concerning the phytochemical composition, pharmacological properties, therapeutic applications, and safety profile of M. officinalis bark, using databases such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, HerbMed, and Google Scholar. Particular focus is placed on its two principal neolignan constituents, magnolol and honokiol, which have attracted considerable attention due to their reported antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, anticancer, and anxiolytic effects. Although a growing body of in vitro and in vivo evidence supports the biological activity of these compounds, notable limitations persist, most notably, a lack of high-quality clinical trials, standardization in extract preparation, and a comprehensive understanding of their pharmacokinetics and drug interaction potential. While preliminary data suggest promising therapeutic avenues, the current body of evidence does not yet support widespread clinical translation. Thus, continued rigorous investigation, including mechanistic studies and well-designed human trials, is essential before M. officinalis and its active constituents can be considered viable candidates for modern pharmacotherapeutic development.