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The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of a child’s life due to its numerous health benefits. In Brazil, 2019 data show that 62.4% of children under the age of two were breastfed within the first hour of life—an encouraging sign of progress, yet one that also underscores ongoing challenges. Various factors continue to contribute to early weaning, making it difficult to sustain exclusive breastfeeding. In this context, the present study aims to conduct an integrative literature review, based on a search carried out between August 2024 and April 2025, to better understand the main barriers faced by nursing professionals in promoting breastfeeding. The guiding question was developed using the PICO strategy: “What challenges are identified by the nursing team that contribute to early weaning?” The search was conducted in the Virtual Health Library (VHL), resulting in the selection of ten relevant scientific articles after applying appropriate filters. Among the most frequently reported barriers in the literature are: type of delivery, lack of adequate information about breastfeeding, poor latch technique, nipple fissures, nipple confusion, maternal insecurity, and breast engorgement. In addition, there is a notable gap in health education efforts—both in relation to proper breastfeeding practices and to informing families about their rights in newborn care. Empowering the population, especially mothers, through educational initiatives is therefore essential to improving exclusive breastfeeding rates and promoting long-term health outcomes.