4D Biomimetic Wrinkled Porous Textiles via Electrospinning and Melt Electrowriting for Advanced Strain Sensing

We present an innovative strategy for fabricating strain sensors based on nonwoven, porous, and wrinkled textile architectures that mimic the mechanical behavior of biological tissues. These hybrid textiles are produced through a controlled shape transformation of composite fibrous structures fabricated by sequential electrospinning of an elastic polymer and melt electrowriting of a stiffer polymer, constituting a 4D fabrication process. The resulting wrinkled materials exhibit a biomimetic strain‐stiffening response, which can be precisely tuned by adjusting the geometry of the melt electrowritten framework. In addition, pre‐stretching provides fine control over the effective mechanical modulus, enabling accurate matching to a broad range of biological tissues— from stiff cartilage to soft skin and highly compliant adipose tissue . This versatile approach establishes a pathway toward wearable strain sensors whose mechanical properties are intrinsically harmonized with those of the human body.