Triggering tipping events in coupled Earth System Models (Deliverable D1.2)

This report details the experiment protocols for the TipESM_forced simulations and the methods to deliberately induce tipping events in these simulations. It describes the methodologies for triggering tipping events in three major tipping elements of the Earth system, the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), the Amazon tropical forest and the Antarctic ice shelves. The protocols have been extensively discussed with the leads of the respective Tipping Point Modelling Intercomparison Project (TIPMIP) domains and follow the general setup of the TIPMIP-Tier 1 experiment protocol to ease analysis of the effect of triggering tipping in these three elements. We also present results from the first TipESM_forced simulations using the UKESM model to demonstrate their feasibility, but additional ESMs will run these forced experiments within the context of TIPMIP (https://tipmip.org/)