Smart Nanotechnologies for Multimodal Neuromodulation and Brain Interfacing

This review surveys recent advances in active nanomaterials for neuromodulation, with a focus on remotely controlled nanotransducers for precise manipulation of brain functions. We discuss how stimuli-responsive nanomaterials enable spatiotemporally precise brain interfacing through remotely controlled actuation; furthermore, we examine energy transduction mechanisms underlying nanoparticle-assisted neuromodulation, and highlight nanosensors that monitor bioelectrical and neurochemical activity with high spatial and temporal resolution. Beyond neurons, we consider strategies targeting glial function, as well as emerging approaches to cross or bypass the blood-brain barrier. Finally, we outline key challenges for clinical translation, including long-term safety, biointegration, and regulatory considerations. Together, these developments position smart nanotechnologies as a foundation for next-generation precision brain interfacing, with the potential to design patient-tailored therapeutic solutions across neurological and psychiatric disorders.