Clinical applications of vascular and non-vascular interventional procedures for various urologic diseases: a pictorial essay

Owing to the recent aging of the population and the increasing number of patients at high surgical risk, the role of interventional radiology in diagnosing and treating urologic diseases has continually expanded in scope and importance. It has evolved from a simple complementary diagnostic tool to a first-line treatment strategy, encompassing applications ranging from basic image-guided biopsy to urinary drainage procedures, double-J stent placement, endovascular management, and tumor ablation. This pictorial essay presents representative clinical cases to illustrate the core concepts and characteristic imaging findings of these procedures. This approach is intended to provide practical insights for physicians in the urology and radiology departments, thereby guiding appropriate interdisciplinary treatment strategies in clinical settings.