Case Report: A case of severe infection caused by Clostridium septicum: a literature review

Clostridium septicum , an anaerobic spore-forming Gram-positive bacillus, is a rare opportunistic pathogen that causes severe infections with rapid progression and high mortality. Trauma with unmanaged contaminated wounds is a major risk factor, and atypical presentations such as tetanus-like neuromuscular symptoms often lead to misdiagnosis. Herein, we report a 72-year-old male farmer with C. septicum and Enterobacter cloacae co-infection following a traumatic toe laceration, presenting with trismus, limited mouth opening, and right toe gangrene. This case highlights the diagnostic challenges of C. septicum infection mimicking tetanus and the importance of comprehensive etiological testing and multidisciplinary management. We also review relevant literature to provide insights for clinical practice.