Presence of localized elevated metabolic enzymes and kdr mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene indicate early evidence of resistance of Phlebotomus argentipes to alpha-cypermethrin in Bihar, India

The results suggested that continuous and repeated exposure to the synthetic pyrethroid may exert selective pressure, leading to early signs of resistance in Ph. argentipes, mediated through metabolic detoxification mechanisms and mutation in the kdr gene. These findings underscore the importance of ongoing resistance monitoring and the implementation of rotational insecticide strategies to support sustained efforts toward the elimination of visceral leishmaniasis.