Transfer RNA-derived small RNAs in cardiovascular diseases: Progress and perspectives

tRNA-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs) are a class of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) generated via the site-specific enzymatic cleavage of mature or precursor tRNAs. They are ubiquitously expressed across diverse species and are detectable in numerous cell lineages and extracellular fluids like blood and serum. They regulate gene expression at multiple levels and are functionally implicated in pivotal biological processes, including cell cycle regulation and immune response modulation. Accumulating evidence has implicated tsRNAs in both the initiation and development of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). This article provides an overview of the classification and biological functions of tsRNAs before delving into their specific roles and mechanisms in cardiovascular pathophysiology. It aims to offer perspectives on novel therapeutic strategies, as well as the early diagnosis and prognosis assessment of CVDs.