The Future of Web Security: Advanced Testing and Cryptographic Defense

Web applications are common attack targets. Encryption is often present, but outdated algorithms, weak TLS configurations, and poor key management leave systems exposed. This paper analyzes cryptographic weaknesses in web applications using both a literature review and practical security testing. Automated tools and manual penetration testing were used to identify issues related to TLS/SSL, key handling, and deprecated algorithms. Based on the findings, two practical frameworks are introduced: a TLS Security Maturity Model (TLS-SMM) for evaluating TLS configurations, and a Hybrid Data Protection Model (HDPM) for cloud environments. These models aim to support more secure and practical cryptographic deployments.