Prevalence and risk factors of oral potentially malignant disorders among tobacco users in Bangladesh

Background: Oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) are recognized precursors of oral cancer and are strongly linked to tobacco exposure. In Bangladesh, widespread use of smoked and smokeless tobacco, often combined with betel quid and areca nut, places a large population at increased risk of developing OPMDs. Objective was to determine the prevalence of OPMDs and identify associated risk factors among tobacco users in Bangladesh. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 120 adult tobacco users. Data on socio-demographic characteristics, tobacco-use patterns, betel quid/areca nut consumption, and oral hygiene practices were collected using a structured questionnaire. Participants underwent clinical oral examinations for identification of OPMDs using standard diagnostic criteria. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and multivariable logistic regression. Results: The prevalence of OPMDs was 35%. The most common lesions were leukoplakia (15%) and oral submucous fibrosis (11.7%), with the buccal mucosa being the most frequently affected site. OPMDs were significantly associated with smokeless and dual tobacco use, longer duration and higher frequency of use, betel quid/areca nut consumption, and poor oral hygiene. Multivariable analysis identified these factors as independent predictors of OPMDs. Conclusions: OPMDs are highly prevalent among tobacco users in Bangladesh. Targeted screening and integrated tobacco and areca nut cessation strategies are essential to reduce progression to oral cancer.