Substrate-specificity of pharmacogenomic variability - clinical relevance and emerging predictive strategies

Substrate specificity of pharmacogenetic variations is clinically relevant and insufficiently captured by current functional annotations and prediction tools. We believe that new strategies based on integrative multimodal frameworks that combine structural descriptors, protein language-model embeddings, ligand features and high-quality experimental data have the potential to capture substrate-specific variant effects in the near future. These advances will provide exciting new opportunities to systematically evaluate variant function, which will benefit both drug development and precision medicine.