Expanding the Application of Threonine: Industrial Biomanufacturing of Threonine and Its Derivatives

Currently, the production methods for L-threonine (L-Thr) mainly include chemical synthesis, protein hydrolysis, and microbial fermentation. Among these, microbial fermentation has become an important method for the industrial production of L-Thr, owing to its advantages of abundant raw material sources, environmental friendliness, and high product purity. In recent years, gene editing, synthetic biology, and artificial intelligence have been integrated to significantly improve the synthesis efficiency and production stability of L-Thr and its derivatives through the rational design of metabolic networks, dynamic regulation of fermentation processes, and intelligent optimization of strain performance. This review systematically summarizes the progress of research on the biosynthesis of L-Thr and its derivatives, with emphasis on elucidating synthetic pathway regulation methods based on genetic engineering and metabolic engineering strategies, and summarizes the latest research developments in the synthesis of its derivatives, aiming to provide systematic references for efficient biomanufacturing in this field.