Endogenous mediators in regulating primary dysmenorrhea

Primary dysmenorrhea is currently an unresolved public health problem worldwide, which suffers the patients comprehensive symptoms. Currently, more and more studies have been focusing on biomarker exploration for diagnosis and target therapies of the primary dysmenorrhea. In this paper, we integrated and summarized the reported potential endogenous mediators of primary dysmenorrhea, which refer to endocrine mediators such as prostaglandins, vasopressin, estradiol, oxytocin, endothelin-1, etc., that contribute to inflammatory response and regulation of endometrial myometrial, vasoconstriction, as well as the onset of pain. With the help of current techniques, such as metabolomics (for, e.g., serum oxylipins), proteomics, as well as mass spectrometry imaging and brain imaging techniques, there will be great potential in finding more reasonable and promising markers of primary dysmenorrhea, which will greatly improve the early diagnosis and personalized therapies of primary dysmenorrhea in clinics.