Underwater Drones: Advances in AUVs, ROVs, and Soft Robotics for Ocean Exploration

The research paper examines the transformative role of the underwater drone.Including Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) and Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs), in advancing ocean exploration.It examines the technological components driving these innovations, including propulsion systems, power sources, navigation tools, and underwater communication.A special focus is placed on the rise of soft robotics, highlighting their bio-inspired flexibility, low acoustic signature, and minimal ecological impact.The paper discusses how material selection, ranging from titanium to silicone elastomers, enables drones to withstand extreme underwater environments.Applications span marine biology, environmental monitoring, archaeology, and resource exploration, with examples from leading institutions like WHOI and Ocean Infinity.Challenges such as battery limitations, communication barriers, and pressure resistance are addressed alongside emerging trends like AI integration and swarm robotics.The study concludes by identifying the field's potential to inspire young interdisciplinary researchers, while emphasizing the vital role underwater drones play in protecting fragile ecosystems and expanding our understanding of the deep ocean.