Structural, Optical, and Electrical Studies of Maleic Acid Single Crystals for Nonlinear Optical Applications

ABSTRACT Single crystals of maleic acid (MA) were synthesized and thoroughly characterized to evaluate their structural and various technical characterizations. The nucleation and growth behavior were monitored and recorded via optical microscopy for a better understanding of the crystallization process. PXRD established the crystalline phase and purity of the material, while FTIR spectrographic analysis revealed the existence of functional assemblies, offering insight into molecular interactions within the crystal lattice. UV–vis NIR spectral examination demonstrated good optical transparency, suggesting the crystal's potential for optoelectronic applications. Dielectric measurements provided information on the dielectric constant and loss, which are important for its integration into electronic devices. The photoconductivity study revealed a photo‐responsive electrical behavior, and impedance spectroscopy offered valuable data on the charge transport dynamics. Additionally, electrochemical analysis was performed to examine the crystal's stability and reactivity. Importantly, Z‐scan measurements confirmed the presence of significant third‐order NLO behavior, underscoring its use in advanced photonic and laser‐based systems. Overall, these comprehensive characterizations highlight the versatility of maleic acid single crystals for a wide range of NLO and functional device applications.