Medicinal Plants, Environmental Contaminants, and Biomedical Innovations: A Multidisciplinary Review of Natural Products in Health and Disease Management

Medicinal plants have been fundamental to human healthcare for millennia, serving as the primary source of therapeutic agents across diverse cultures. However, the simultaneous presence of environmental contaminants, particularly heavy metals, in these plants poses significant health risks that cannot be overlooked. This comprehensive review synthesizes findings from over 50 studies to provide a multidisciplinary perspective on the therapeutic potential of medicinal plants, the challenges posed by heavy metal contamination, and the emerging role of nanotechnology and phytoremediation in addressing these challenges. Key medicinal plants including Cichorium intybus, Ziziphora persica, Lavandula angustifolia, and Catharanthus roseus are examined for their pharmacological properties, with particular attention to anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anticancer activities. The review critically evaluates the sources and health implications of heavy metal contamination in medicinal plants and food products, drawing on case studies from Northern Iran. Furthermore, it explores innovative approaches including Nano-formulations for enhanced drug delivery and phytoremediation strategies for soil decontamination. The integration of traditional knowledge with modern biotechnological tools presents unprecedented opportunities for sustainable healthcare and environmental management. This review identifies critical research gaps and proposes future directions for maximizing the therapeutic potential of medicinal plants while ensuring their safety and sustainability.