Lessons learned from 30 years of implementing Intensively Monitored Watershed studies: aligning the science with partners, policy, and funding

Intensively Monitored Watershed (IMW) studies are one of the largest and most audacious programs in our effectiveness monitoring toolbox. During the past 30 years, we have learned not only about the science of large-scale restoration but also about the social aspects of these programs. Although the focus of previous IMW reviews has been largely on scientific methods and results, we argue that an equally important emphasis should be placed on the relationships and processes needed to successfully implement restoration and monitoring programs at a watershed scale. This study uses a qualitative, practitioner-informed synthesis to identify recurring themes shaping IMW outcomes. Our conclusions are based on interviews with policy staff, restoration practitioners, and scientists working in IMWs across the Pacific Northwest, USA. These interviews highlight the coupled social-ecological nature of IMWs and provide a common framework that links scientific inquiry, restoration implementation, and policy decision-making. Results demonstrate that a strong commitment to planning, collaboration, and the ability to embrace change are as critical to success as study design or analytical rigor. Documenting best practices and lessons learned from IMWs will help others successfully plan, implement, and manage long-term monitoring and restoration programs. We argue that adhering to these best practices is essential for meeting local restoration objectives and ensuring the information leads to new insights, continual adaptation, and ultimately more successful restoration in the long-term.