Transformational Leadership Practices of School Principals and Their Impact on Teacher Organizational Commitment and Institutional Performance

Transformational leadership by school principals has emerged as a pivotal driver of educational improvement in an era marked by technological disruption, accountability pressures, and post-pandemic recovery challenges. This review synthesizes global empirical evidence on how principals’ transformational practices idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration influence teacher organizational commitment and overall institutional performance. Drawing primarily on Leithwood’s adapted framework, the analysis demonstrates that setting directions (vision-building, goal alignment), developing people (individualized support, intellectual stimulation), and redesigning the organization (collaborative culture, shared decision-making) significantly enhance teachers’ affective, normative, and continuance commitment. These psychological mechanisms, in turn, mediate improvements in key performance indicators, including student achievement, teacher retention, instructional quality, collective efficacy, and innovation adoption. Cross-cultural studies reveal consistent positive effects across Western and Asian contexts, though moderated by cultural dimensions such as power distance and collectivism. Evidence from meta-analyses and longitudinal designs indicates effect sizes ranging from moderate to large (r = 0.35–0.65) for commitment and performance outcomes. The review underscores the necessity of moving beyond transactional management toward visionary, people-centered leadership to foster resilient, high-performing school ecosystems amid accelerating change.