Proton and Heavy Ion Acceleration by Magnetic Reconnection at the Near-Sun Heliospheric Current Sheet

Abstract Magnetic reconnection at the near-Sun heliospheric current sheet (HCS) dissipates the Parker spiral and converts magnetic energy into plasma kinetic energy. During Encounter 14 at a radial distance of <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mo>∼</mml:mo> </mml:math> 16.25 R​ ⊙ , Parker Solar Probe observed an HCS crossing where reconnection-driven acceleration—likely facilitated by merging large-scale flux tubes—energized protons up to ∼400 keV. This energy gain is ≈1000 times greater than the available magnetic energy per particle. We present here a comprehensive analysis of pitch-angle distributions and differential energy spectra for protons and heavy ions (He, O, and Fe) in conjunction with local wave activity during this crossing. Our results provide the first direct in situ observations of simultaneous proton and heavy-ion energization during HCS reconnection. Crucially, we find that heavy-ion power-law spectral indices differ significantly from those of protons, contradicting previous simulations that predict species-independent slopes. We further demonstrate that ion beams and anisotropies produced during reconnection drive waves in the ion cyclotron range of frequencies. Finally, we show that proton pitch-angle scattering is stronger than that of heavy ions, which may account for the flatter spectra or harder spectral indices observed in the heavy-ion populations. These observations provide definitive evidence for in situ reconnection-driven acceleration at the near-Sun HCS and necessitate the inclusion of species-dependent transport and acceleration efficiencies in contemporary reconnection-based particle energization models.