Comparative Morphometric Study of Saanen and Indigenous Goats, in Northern Pakistan

Goats play an essential role in sustaining rural communities in Pakistan by providing milk, meat, and income under diverse production systems. This study compared the morphometric features of exotic Saanen goats with local breeds (Beetal, Kaghani, Gaddi, and non-descriptive) in Swat, northern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, to evaluate growth patterns, body structure, and the potential for body weight estimation. A total of 500 animals were sampled from research stations and smallholder farms, with morphometric and qualitative traits recorded following FAO guidelines. Distinct differences among breeds were observed. Beetal goats exhibited the highest body weight (58.2 ± 2.0 kg), chest girth, and body length, whereas Saanen goats showed moderate body size, uniformity, and the longest horns. Local breeds displayed intermediate values, reflecting environmental adaptation. Udder and teat dimensions were largest in Saanen and Beetal goats, indicating their greater dairy potential. Coat and ear traits were uniform in Saanen but highly variable in indigenous populations. Strong correlations were found between body weight and linear traits, particularly chest girth (r = 0.93**), body length (r = 0.91**), and wither height (r = 0.88**). Regression models combining these traits accurately predicted body weight (R² = 0.93, SE = 1.6 kg), while a simplified formula (CG² × BL / 10838) provided a practical field tool. These findings highlight the uniformity and dairy potential of Saanen under managed systems alongside the adaptability and diversity of indigenous goats, offering valuable insights for breeding, conservation, and smallholder production strategies in northern Pakistan.