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Whether in everyday research tools or deep scientific computing, digital technologies are integral to science. Researchers are combining unprecedented data from cutting-edge measurement techniques with technologies like AI, simulation and robotics. This gives cause for optimism that ‘science for sustainability’ will go faster in contributing to everything from better health and environment to cleaner energy and resource efficiency. However, digitisation of science brings new challenges and opportunities from the perspective of the ‘sustainability of science’ because digital technologies have significant environmental and social impacts. This chapter explores the diversity and promise of digital science as well as associated environmental impacts. Maximising the environmental sustainability of digital science is complex, with few easy answers and many barriers to change, so the chapter offers avenues for discussion and development within both the research community and related sectors including suppliers, funders and organisations. It also gives concrete resources and solutions for individual researchers and research units interested in getting started on improving the environmental sustainability of their research.