Integrated passive and active source sparse seismic monitoring for geologic carbon storage projects

Seismic measurement, monitoring, and verification (MMV) plans designed for satisfying regulations for geological carbon storage (GCS) facilities contribute to minimizing risks during and after CO2 injection operations. However, the seismic MMV functions cumulatively represent some of the most expensive functions during- and post-injection operations. The economics of operating GCS facilities motivates strategies for efficiency gains in MMV functions wherever possible. Results from this demonstration of integrating passive monitoring and active surveys using a sparse network of compact volumetric phased arrays (SADAR arrays) show the technical potential and provide a path forward for minimizing the number of 3D seismic surveys. GCS and other applications can benefit from optimizing integration of these functions.