A Pilot Study on AI-Based Voice Analysis for Monitoring Patients Hospitalized with Acute Decompensated Heart Failure

Abstract Background and aims Monitoring pulmonary congestion in chronic heart failure (HF) reduces decompensation and hospitalization, but conventional methods such as weight and symptom tracking are often unreliable. As fluid accumulation affects the lungs and vocal tract, subtle voice alterations may serve as a non-invasive signal for early detection of worsening HF. Methods The Voice Analysis for Monitoring Patients with HF trial (VAMP-HF, NCT06566911) prospectively enrolled 104 patients hospitalized with acute decompensated HF (ADHF) across two academic centres in the USA and Germany. Daily voice recordings were collected from admission to discharge, with breathing features extracted from speech and acoustic features from sustained vowels. A machine-learning model was trained to classify recordings as admission-phase versus discharge-phase using leave-one-patient-out. Patients with clinical deterioration, insufficient audio quality, or short length of stay were excluded. Results 79 patients were included in the final dataset. The model classified admission and discharge with an F1-score of 0.83 (95% CI: 0.77–0.90; AUC=0.90). In patients with higher audio volume (N=54), performance reached 0.89 (95% CI: 0.82–0.94; AUC=0.91). When applied to intermediate hospitalization days, model-predicted scores showed progressive increases from admission toward discharge. Performance remained robust irrespective of significant weight loss during hospitalization. Conclusion In this pilot study, structured voice and breathing analysis discriminated hospitalization phase from admission through discharge in patients with ADHF. This non-invasive approach captured progressive changes during the hospital course and warrants further investigation with concurrent objective congestion markers to establish physiological specificity.