A mixed-methods realist evaluation of the Sutton Parenting Offer (universal parenting programme): A study protocol

Background Parenting practices shape children's emotional, social, and cognitive developmental wellbeing. Yet, many families face complex challenges that increase the risk of poor outcomes and demand on social care. The Sutton Parenting Offer (SPO) is a universal, peer-led parenting offer that provides early, non-stigmatising support to families with children aged 0-25 years. It combines evidence-based programmes with informal workshops and peer networks delivered through Family Hubs. This present study is an evaluation protocol of the parenting offer. Aim This evaluation aims to explore how, why, and in what contexts SPO supports families in engaging, sustaining positive change, and generating wider system value. Methods A mixed-methods realist evaluation approach will be used to evaluate SPO across four work packages: engagement pathways, early changes and peer-led ecosystems, long-term change, and system value for money. Data sources will include attendance data (anonymised service records), survey data (entry and exit), and qualitative data (dyad interviews, story circles, and stakeholder-value mapping workshops). The COM-B and the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF) will guide the analysis of behavioural data. Quantitative data will be analysed descriptively and using paired parametric and non-parametric tests, while qualitative data will be analysed thematically following a realist-informed approach to refine context-mechanism-outcome (CMO) configurations. Discussion This protocol presents the first realist informed evaluation of a universal parenting program in a local authority setting. The evaluation will generate evidence on how, when and why a universal, community-based, and peer-led model such as the Sutton Parenting Offer engages families and generates change. The findings will be useful to inform future parenting service design and implementation in local contexts in England.