Differentiation of Digitization Processes in the Branches of Economic Activity

In the context of accelerating digital transformation of the economy, the analysis of intersectoral differentiation of digitalization processes becomes increasingly relevant. The aim of the study is to analyze the intersectoral differentiation of digitalization processes within the socioeconomic system of Kazakhstan and to identify structural constraints hindering the digital transformation of the real sector. The methodological framework of the research is based on comparative economic analysis, structural assessment, and the calculation of relative digitalization indicators. The study relies on official statistical data from the Bureau of National Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2022–2024, covering 172,335 organizations across various types of economic activity. The results demonstrate a positive trend in the diffusion of digital technologies: the number of organizations using cloud computing increased by 45%, while those applying big data analytics grew by 39%. The share of large and medium-sized manufacturing enterprises implementing digital technologies rose from 12.9% to 19.2%. At the same time, only 5.45% of organizations employ in-house ICT specialists, with an average of 4.6 specialists per organization. Specialists in information security account for 33% of total ICT personnel, though their presence remains extremely limited in system-forming industries. The findings indicate a high level of sectoral differentiation in digital development and structural constraints within the real sector of the economy. Priority directions include strengthening infrastructural support for industries, expanding public-private partnership mechanisms for financing digital projects, developing corporate data centers, and modernizing ICT workforce training systems.