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This dataset provides a comprehensive and integrated collection of climate, agricultural, soil, and socio-economic data used to assess the impacts of climate variability on agricultural systems in the Central Highlands of Vietnam over the period 2000–2024. The dataset was developed to support the analysis presented in the study on climate change impacts and adaptation responses in perennial cropping systems, with a particular focus on coffee- and tea-based agroecosystems. It combines long-term climatic observations, field-based soil measurements, farm-level production data, and household survey information to enable multi-dimensional assessment of climate risks and system resilience. The climate component includes daily observations of temperature (minimum, maximum, and mean) and precipitation collected from multiple meteorological stations across the region. In addition, derived climate indicators such as extreme temperature events, consecutive dry days, and rainfall concentration index are provided to capture variability and climate extremes. Agricultural data include crop yield records for major crops (coffee, tea, and maize), covering both temporal and spatial variations across different agro-ecological zones. These data are complemented by soil datasets derived from field sampling at geo-referenced locations, including soil moisture content and soil organic matter, measured using standardized laboratory methods. The socio-economic component consists of household survey data from 450 farming households, capturing farmer perceptions of climate change, observed yield changes, and adaptation strategies such as crop diversification, irrigation practices, and soil conservation measures. Additionally, the dataset includes statistical outputs from regression models quantifying the relationship between climate variables and crop productivity, providing reproducible evidence for climate impact assessment. The dataset is structured into multiple thematic components, including climate data, agricultural production data, soil properties, household survey data, regression outputs, and geospatial information. All data are provided in machine-readable formats (CSV) with accompanying metadata to facilitate reuse. This dataset is intended to support research on climate change, agricultural sustainability, soil degradation, and climate adaptation in tropical highland systems. It can be used for statistical analysis, modeling, and policy-oriented studies aimed at enhancing the resilience of agricultural systems under changing climatic conditions.