Potential of areca sheath waste as a sustainable ruminant feed—a review

Feed scarcity in ruminant production systems, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions, necessitates the exploration of alternative and sustainable fodder resources. This review evaluates the potential of areca sheath waste (ASW), an abundant by-product of areca nut cultivation, as a viable ruminant feed resource. India alone generates approximately 4.5–5.4 million tons of ASW annually, with global production exceeding 10 million tons. Nutritionally, ASW exhibits a fiber-rich composition with moderate mineral content and metabolizable energy values comparable to conventional roughages such as paddy straw. Studies indicate that processed ASW can be incorporated into total mixed rations (TMR) without adverse effects on animal health, feed intake, or productivity, while also reducing feeding costs in regions dependent on transported fodder. Furthermore, ASW contains moderate levels of phenolics and tannins, which contribute to rumen modulation and methane mitigation when included in balanced diets. The valorization of ASW as livestock feed offers a dual benefit of addressing fodder shortages and reducing environmental pollution associated with biomass burning. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the nutritional, processing, and practical aspects of ASW utilization and highlights its role in supporting circular bioeconomy-based livestock systems.