Empowerment amidst turmoil, the association between protest participation against the 2023 Israeli judicial reform, individual perceived threats, and civic empowerment (self-efficacy): a cross-sectional online survey

Background Protests serve as a powerful catalyst for transformations, where collective influence can lead to significant personal changes. Collective action can strengthen empowerment and collective self-efficacy in facing threats. This aligns with WHO’s definition of health promotion as “enabling people to increase control over and improve their health”. This study focuses on psychological resilience and activism’s role in public health rather than clinical health. Collective action can act as a mechanism for promoting mental health and well-being by providing a sense of agency and belonging. Objective This research examines the associations between protest participation and individual well-being in Israel during the 2023 judicial reform, with a particular focus on civic empowerment (self-efficacy) and perceived threats. Methods Using a cross-sectional online survey with 570 participants, the study examines the psychological dimensions of civic engagement and activism. Results The study found that higher perceived threats significantly motivated individuals to participate in protests. Older age was associated with increased protest participation. Exposure to verbal violence in social media was significantly associated with higher levels of protest. Participation in protests was found to be positively correlated with perceived civic empowerment (self-efficacy), reinforcing the individual’s belief in their ability to effect change. A higher rate of protest activity was found among individuals actively pursuing emigration, driven by intrinsic motivations and personal values. Contrary to initial expectations, participants who personally experienced verbal or police violence were less likely to cease participating in protests. Conclusion These findings underscore the importance of considering the psychological dimensions of civic engagement, particularly in socio-political crises. In conclusion, promoting activism and collective action can serve as a valuable public health strategy to enhance mental health and resilience, supporting individuals and communities in navigating challenging times.