Biol, nitrogen fertilization, and topological arrangement effects on the yield and composition of maralfalfa grass (Pennisetum spp.) grown under subhumid conditions in Veracruz,

Objective: To evaluate the effect of planting arrangements and different fertilization treatments on biomass production and composition of maralfalfa grass (Pennisetum spp.) grown under subhumid conditions in Veracruz, Mexico. Design/Methodology/Approach: A randomized complete block design with split plots was used. Planting density (40, 60, and 80 cm) was the main factor. Three biol formulas and two doses of urea fertilization (50 and 100 kg ha-1) were the secondary factor. The following variables were measured: plant height, biomass yield, and leaf and stem weight. Data were analyzed through an ANOVA and Tukey’s test (α = 0.05). Results: The 40-cm planting arrangement and Biol 1 (manure + water) treatment combination reached the highest biomass yield (123.11 t ha-1) and plant height (2.44 m). Denser planting improved biomass production, while chemical fertilization increased leaf ratio. The interaction between planting arrangement and fertilization only had a significant impact on stem weight. Study Limitations/Implications: The study was conducted under specific climatic conditions, which limited the generalizability of the results. Further research is recommended to assess long-term economic viability and sustainability. Findings/Conclusions: High planting density combined with organic fertilization optimizes biomass yield and the efficient use of resources. Biols are a sustainable alternative that enhances forage productivity and soil health.