Nanoparticle-Mediated Gene Expression Modulation: Mechanism and Clinical Translation

ABSTRACT Nanoparticles (NPs) are used extensively in nanomedicine, as drug carriers to actively influence the cellular and molecular processes. Due to their unique physicochemical properties such as nanoscale size and high surface reactivity. The gene expression can be modulated through NPs active direct interaction with the biomolecules such as DNA, RNA, and proteins. These effects occur through several mechanisms, including epigenetic alterations like DNA methylation and histone changes and non-coding RNA regulations. The oxidative stress and signaling pathway activation induced by nanoparticles can influence the cell mechanisms such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, and immune responses. Their valuable properties make them suitable in biomedical applications, especially in gene therapy and cancer treatment, due to their enhanced activity in drug delivery and therapeutics. Despite their several potentials in gene expressions, challenges such as toxicity and off-target effects remain a serious concern. This review suggests an overview of molecular mechanisms of gene expression and their importance in precision medicine. Key words: Nanoparticles; Gene expression modulation; Epigenetics; Oxidative stress; Signal transduction; Gene therapy; Cancer therapy; Precision medicine; Toxicity.