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Objective: The purpose of this systematic review was to identify and analyze studies evaluating the use of agro-industrial by-products as alternative ingredients in farmed fish diets, synthesizing the evidence on their impact on productive and nutritional performance, as well as contextualizing the temporal, geographic, and multidisciplinary trends in this line of research. Methodology: A systematic search of scientific databases (1999–2024) was conducted using terms related to aquaculture and agro-industrial by-products. Of 1,015 articles identified, 32 met the inclusion criteria, which required experimental studies in farmed fish. Information on species, by-product type, inclusion level, and production parameters was extracted from each study. Results: The temporal analysis showed sustained growth in the number of publications, with a notable increase starting in 2013, reflecting a growing global interest in sustainable alternatives to fishmeal. Geographically, Nigeria accounted for most of the studies, followed by Egypt, Mexico, and the United States. By-products were classified into six categories: vegetables, terrestrial animals, fish, hydrolyzed meals, bioprocessed meals, and microbial biomass. Ingredients such as brewery waste, poultry meal, and fish silage reported favorable results, with FCR ≤ 1.1 and SGR ≥ 3.5%. Bioprocessed meals and microbial additives showed consistent improvements in digestibility and yield. Limitations/Implications: Practical application depends on regional availability, the presence of antinutritional factors, processing requirements, and producer acceptance, emphasizing the need for comprehensive assessments that include economic, environmental, and health aspects. Conclusions: The findings demonstrate that various agro-industrial by-products can partially or totally replace fishmeal without compromising production performance, favoring the economic viability and sustainability of aquaculture.