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Blockchain technology can potentially enhance transparency, traceability, and trustworthiness within the seafood supply chain, effectively addressing seafood fraud and safety. This systematic review synthesizes 99 relevant academic publications from six databases from 2018 to 2025, examining blockchain adoption and its impacts on key stakeholders. Our findings show that the key stakeholders are the production sector, distribution sector, market sector, and governance and regulatory sector. The key stakeholders’ role is related to traceability and sustainability compliance, preventing seafood fraud and mislabeling, and enhancing market trust and consumer awareness. Findings regarding adoption highlight positive factors, including cost-efficiency, operational improvements, sustainability, and enhanced consumer trust and loyalty, alongside challenges like regulatory uncertainty, scalability concerns, and coordination complexities. In addition, blockchain-enabled information notably benefits fishmongers from improved traceability, reduced costs, and strengthened market positioning. Our analysis is that blockchain adoption in the seafood industry remains limited due to fragmented governance structures, inconsistent standards, and constrained Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) capacity, which hinder data interoperability and coordinated implementation. Moving forward, regulatory alignment, institutional coordination, and technological standardization are essential to transform fragmented pilot projects into scalable, production-level traceability systems. Future research should validate blockchain’s real-world performance through empirical and cross-cultural studies, refine stakeholder roles, and develop interoperable, regulation-ready authentication frameworks that promote adoption among SMEs.