High‐Performance Anode Catalysts for Direct Liquid Fuel Cells Supported by Three‐Dimensional Carbon

ABSTRACT The development of direct liquid fuel cells (DLFCs) has long been constrained by the activity, durability, and utilization efficiency of anode catalysts. Beyond optimizing intrinsic active sites, increasing attention has been directed toward catalyst support engineering, as the support plays a decisive role in constructing the electrode mesostructure, stabilizing metal species under electrochemical conditions, and coordinating mass and charge transport within the catalyst layer. Three‐dimensional (3D) carbon materials, featuring high surface area, abundant and tunable pore structures, continuous conductive networks, and adjustable surface chemistry, have shown great potential to enhance electrocatalytic oxidation of liquid fuels by strengthening coordination and synergistic interactions with catalysts. This review summarizes recent progress in 3D carbon materials as supports for anode catalysts in DLFCs. First, it discusses how support structure and surface chemistry influence reaction behavior and catalytic performance. Subsequently, construction strategies for 3D structures from different carbon precursors, ordered pore‐structure design, and representative modification approaches for strengthening metal‐support interactions and improving long‐term stability are highlighted. Finally, key challenges and future opportunities are outlined to guide the rational development of high‐performance and durable DLFC anode catalysts.