Pedagogical Anthropology in the Context of the Russian Philosophy of Education at the Turn of the 19th–20th Centuries

One of the relevant and demanded areas of modern philosophical knowledge is the philosophy of education. When education is considered within the framework of socio-philosophical analysis as a social institution and a cultural phenomenon, attention is paid to its role in the creation and development of culture. The philosophy of education focuses on identifying the goals and principles of the educational systems, on determining pedagogical methods and their impact on the individual and society as a whole. The problem field of the philosophy of education defines the object of study of pedagogical anthropology, which consists in identifying the meaning of the relationship between teacher and student, in understanding the role of the dialogue component in pedagogical work, and finally, the conceptualization of the anthropological program for the formation of the spiritual and physical health of the student. All of the above is the subject of this article. The source study base used the classical works of the pedagogical and philosophical-anthropological nature of the ancestor of Russian pedagogical anthropology K.D. Ushinsky, works on the problems of the pedagogical philosophy of Free education and education of the great Russian writer and teacher L.N. Tolstoy, as well as modern research literature of a socio-philosophical and philosophical-anthropological nature. The theoretical and methodological toolkit of the article is based on the application of the general scientific principle of historicism, which makes it possible to identify the dynamics in the analysis of the problems posed of a philosophical and educational nature, as well as on the use of the method of cultures-comparative analysis, since the chronological period of Russian history covered in this work dates back to the time of the Alexander reforms before the formation of the era of the Silver Age of Russian culture and concerns a number of iconic figures of this time.