Human Capital as a Driver of Supply Chain Resilience in Conflict-Affected MENA Regions

This chapter examines the role of human capital, leadership, human resource management (HRM), and capacity-building, in enhancing supply chain resilience in conflict-affected MENA regions, including Yemen, Palestine, Iraq, and Libya. Using a qualitative, multiple case-study approach, triangulated with document analysis and secondary literature, the research identifies how transformational and adaptive leadership, strategic HR practices, and targeted education jointly sustain operational continuity under extreme uncertainty. Findings highlight that human capital investment, rather than technological solutions alone, is critical for rapid crisis response, workforce stability, and long-term adaptability. An integrated human-capital framework is proposed, providing a holistic model for resilient supply chain operations.