Corneal xenotransplantation in ophthalmology: challenges and prospects

Introduction. This paper evaluates the key structural characteristics of turkey cornea and critically analyzes both the obtained results and existing literature to assess the feasibility of using this xenogeneic material for keratoplasty. Currently, more than 12 million patients worldwide are awaiting keratoplasty. The prolonged waiting times is largely driven by severe shortage of cadaveric human corneas required for the procedure. Recent studies have generated growing optimism regarding the potential of xenogeneic keratoplasty; however, the number of animal donors studied to date remains quite limited. In light of this gap, the objective of this study was formulated. Objective: to assess the main structural characteristics of turkey ( Meleagris gallopavo ) cornea and to evaluate its potential use as a xenogeneic material for selective keratoplasty. Materials and methods. Corneoscleral buttons (n = 24) were isolated from enucleated turkey eyeballs. In the first stage, the corneal microstructure was examined using scanning electron microscopy and confocal microscopy. In the second stage, the feasibility of cutting out a corneal xenograft suitable for deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty was evaluated. In the third stage, the potential for preservation of the obtained xenografts using xenogeneic turkey corneal material was assessed. Results. The turkey cornea was shown to possess all the principal layers characteristic of the human cornea. Its mean thickness was 508 ± 33.5 μm, and the presence of Bowman’s membrane was confirmed. Preservation of the turkey cornea for up to five days was feasible while maintaining a high endothelial cell density. In addition, the preparation of a xenograft suitable for deep Anterior lamellar keratoplasty from turkey corneal tissue was successfully demonstrated. Conclusion. Analysis using confocal microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, together with assessment of xenograft integrity following hypothermic preservation, indicates that turkey cornea represents a promising xenogeneic material for selective keratoplasty. Further studies are warranted to assess its potential application in reconstructive corneal surgery.