Establishment of snake venom gland organoids from a novel family, Colubridae

Non-front-fanged snakes are abundant, diverse and represent approximately 70% of extant snakes. However, there is limited knowledge about these species and their venom composition. This is in part due to the technical and welfare challenges associated with venom extraction, low venom yields, and the lack of cellular models available. Organoids represent an excellent opportunity to overcome these challenges. Here, we establish, for the first time, venom gland organoids from snakes of the Colubridae family and demonstrate the in vitro production of toxins.